JOHNSTOWN

city, Cambria county, southwestern Pennsylvania, U.S. It lies at the confluence of the Conemaugh River and Stony Creek, 76 miles (122 km) east of Pittsburgh. Johnstown is the centre of a metropolitan area comprising more than 60 townships and boroughs. The area was the site of a Shawnee and Delaware Indian village before Joseph Johns, a Swiss Mennonite, founded the town in 1800. It was first known as Conemaugh (the old Indian name) until renamed in 1834 to honour the founder. Johnstown first became important as the western terminus of the Allegheny Portage Railroad (183134), a series of inclined planes whereby Pennsylvania Canal barges were transported piggyback on railway cars for 36 miles (58 km) over the Allegheny Mountains. In 1861 use of the Kelly converter (for converting iron to steel) spurred the growth of Johnstown's steel industry, which developed the nation's first blooming mill (used to reduce the size of steel ingots) and produced the first American-made steel rails. By 1873 Johnstown had become a leading American steelmaking centre. The city was the victim of a disastrous flood in 1889. At 3:10 PM on May 31, the South Fork Dam, a poorly maintained earthfill dam holding a major upstream reservoir collapsed after heavy rains, sending a great wall of water rushing down the Conemaugh River valley at speeds of 20 to 40 miles (32 to 64 km) per hour. At 4:07 PM, the 30-foot high wall of water smashed into Johnstown, which lay on the floodplain of the Conemaugh. The flood swept away most of the northern half of the city, killing 2,209 people and destroying 1,600 homes. Grandview Cemetery contains the graves of more than 700 unidentified victims. The Johnstown Flood National Memorial stands at the site of the old dam and the Johnstown Flood Museum is in the city. After another disastrous flood in 1936, a flood-control program was completed (1943), but this did not prevent heavy flooding in July 1977 in which more than 80 people were killed. Johnstown's modern industries include coal mining, the production of clothing and speciality steel, and the manufacture of freight cars. The Johnstown branch of the University of Pittsburgh was founded in 1927. Inc. city, 1898. Pop. (1990) city, 28,124; Johnstown MSA, 241,280; (1998 est.) city, 25,390; (1996 est.) Johnston MSA, 239,017. city, seat (1838) of Fulton county, east-central New York, U.S. It lies near the Mohawk River, adjoining Gloversville, 43 miles (69 km) northwest of Albany. It was founded in 1762 by pioneer and colonial administrator Sir William Johnson, whose baronial home, Johnson Hall (1762), is preserved. Drumm House and Tryon County Court House also date from the colonial period. A minor battle of the American Revolution was fought there on October 25, 1781, six days after the Battle of Yorktown. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, the pioneer suffragist, was born at Johnstown in 1815. Glove making is an important industry; paint, electronic test equipment, and knitted textiles also are produced. The city is the seat of Fulton-Montgomery Community College (founded 1963), part of the State University of New York system. Inc. village, 1808; city, 1895. Pop. (1990) 9,058; (1998 est.) 8,532.