JOSQUIN DES PREZ

born c. 1445, Cond-sur-l'Escaut?, Burgundian Hainaut died Aug 27, 1521, Cond-sur-l'Escaut des Prez also spelled Des Prs, or Desprs one of the greatest composers of Renaissance Europe. Josquin was probably a chorister at the collegiate church of Saint-Quentin and from 1459 to 1472 was a singer in the Milan Cathedral. Between 1474 and about 1479 he was in the service of Duke Galeazzo Maria Sforza in Milan and from 1486 to about 1494 was in the papal chapel. Sometime between then and 1499, when he became choirmaster to Duke Ercole I of Ferrara, he apparently had connections with the Chapel Royal of Louis XII of France and with the Cathedral of Cambrai. In Ferrara he wrote, in honour of his employer, the mass Hercules Dux Ferrariae, and his motet Miserere was composed at the duke's request. He seems to have left Ferrara on the death of the duke in 1505 and later became provost of the collegiate church of Notre Dame in Cond. Josquin's compositions fall into the three principal categories of motets, masses, and chansons. Of the 20 masses that survive complete, 17 were printed in his lifetime in three sets (1502, 1505, 1514) by Ottaviano dei Petrucci. His motets and chansons were included in other Petrucci publications, from the Odhecaton (an anthology of popular chansons) of 1501 onward, and in collections of other printers. Musical laments on his death by Nicolas Gombert, Benedictus Appenzeller, and Hieronymus Vinders are extant. Martin Luther expressed great admiration for Josquin's music, calling him master of the notes, which must do as he wishes; other composers must do as the notes wish. In his musical techniques he stands at the summit of the Renaissance, blending traditional forms with innovations that later became standard practices. The expressiveness of his music marks a break with the medieval tradition of more abstract music. In his motets, particularly, Josquin gave free reign to his talent, expressing sorrow in poignant harmonies, employing suspension for emphasis, and taking the voices gradually into their lowest registers when the text speaks of death. Josquin used the old cantus firmus style, but he also developed the motet style that characterized the 16th century after him. His motets, as do his masses, show an approach to the modern sense of tonality. In his later works he gradually abandoned cantus firmus technique for parody and paraphrase. He also frequently used the techniques of canon and of melodic imitation. In his chansons Josquin was the principal exponent of a style new in the mid-15th century, in which the learned techniques of canon and counterpoint were applied to secular song. He abandoned the fixed forms of the rondeau and the ballade, employing freer forms of his own device. Though a few chansons are set chordally rather than polyphonically, a number of others are skilled examples of counterpoint in five or six voices, maintaining sharp rhythms, straightforwardness, and clarity of texture. Additional reading Edward E. Lowinsky (ed.), Josquin des Prez (1976), collects papers from an international conference. Sydney Robinson Charles, Josquin des Prez: A Guide to Research (1983), includes a bibliography and discography.