JUNIUS

the pseudonym of the still unidentified author of a series of letters contributed to Henry Sampson Woodfall's Public Advertiser, a popular English newspaper of the day, between Jan. 21, 1769, and Jan. 21, 1772. Junius' aims were to discredit the ministries of the Duke of Grafton and subsequently of Lord North and to draw attention to the political influence of George III, who was trying to establish his own personal government by selecting his ministers from a group of subservient friends. Junius used ferocious sarcasm in attacking the public and private lives of Grafton and his associates, the Duke of Bedford, the Earl of Bute, and Lord Mansfield. Finally, in his 35th letter, he attacked King George himself, causing a storm of indignation and prompting the government in 1770 to (unsuccessfully) prosecute Woodfall for seditious libel for having printed the letter. Junius' views were those of a radical Whig and an ardent supporter of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, who had been succeeded in office by Grafton in 1768. But Junius failed in his aims, for the ineffectual Grafton's fall in 1770 merely signaled the advent of Lord North's ministry. Apart from their significance as a literary controversy and their importance in the history of the freedom of the press, Junius' letters are notable for their style and the unsolved mystery of their authorship. They display little stylistic variety, and their tone hardly ever changes from that of sustained personal invective and of bitter, merciless sarcasm, but the writing has a fine boldness and liveliness, an urgency and blunt eloquence that still arrest the reader. Many attempts to discover Junius' identity have been made, including claims for Sir Philip Francis, the chief candidate; William Petty-Fitzmaurice, 2nd Earl of Shelburne (later 1st Marquess of Lansdowne); and Laughlin Macleane, who was Shelburne's undersecretary. Some 45 other candidates have been proposed less convincingly. Francesco Cordasco's Junius Bibliography (1949, with supplements in 1953 and 1957) lists more than 500 articles, bibliographies, and editions concerning Junius.