JUVENAL

born AD 55, 60?, Aquinum, Italy died probably in or after 127 Latin in full Decimus Junius Juvenalis most powerful of all Roman satiric poets. Many of his phrases and epigrams have entered common parlancefor example, bread and circuses and who will guard the guards themselves? Additional reading Gilbert Highet, Juvenal the Satirist (1954, reissued 1962), reconstructs the poet's career, analyzes each of the satires individually, estimates their value as poetry, and surveys his influence in later literature. E. Courtney, A Commentary on the Satires of Juvenal (1980), is also a valuable reference.