KROEBER, A.L.

born June 11, 1876, Hoboken, N.J., U.S. died Oct. 5, 1960, Paris, France in full Alfred Louis Kroeber influential American anthropologist of the first half of the 20th century, whose primary concern was to understand the nature of culture and its processes. His interest and competence ranged over the whole of anthropology, and he made valuable contributions to American Indian ethnology; to the archaeology of New Mexico, Mexico, and Peru; and to the study of linguistics, folklore, kinship, and social structure. His career nearly coincided with the emergence of academic, professionalized anthropology in the United States and contributed significantly to its development. While a graduate student at Columbia University, Kroeber came under the influence of Franz Boas. He received his Ph.D. in 1901 for a study of decorative symbolism of the Arapaho Indians of Montana and that year founded the anthropology department at the University of California at Berkeley. In the course of his professional life, Kroeber produced a steady stream of more than 500 articles, monographs, and books. His most influential work is considered to be Anthropology (1923; rev. ed. 1948), one of the first general teaching texts on the subject. Kroeber's first important contributions to archaeology were his studies of sites near Zuni, N.M. (191520), but his work centred mainly on expeditions to Mexico (1924 and 1930) and Peru (1925, 1926, and 1942). He introduced controlled excavational methods and used meticulous stylistic analyses to determine chronological sequences. An important resulting work was Peruvian Archaeology in 1942 (1944). He also pioneered in dialect surveys of American Indians. His final work on California Indian languages, Yokuts Dialect Survey (1963), covered research ranging back as far as 1900. Kroeber was concerned with culture as a universal human characteristic and believed that a complete understanding of culture must contain explanations not only of specific cultures but also of cultural elements and patternings that transcend specific cultures. One of his most ambitious efforts, Configurations of Culture Growth (1945), sought to trace the growth and decline of all of civilized man's thought and art. The Nature of Culture (1952) collected Kroeber's essays published on such topics as cultural theory, kinship, social psychology, and psychoanalysis.