LATVIAN LITERATURE

body of writings in the Latvian language. Latvia's loss of political independence in the 13th century prevented a natural evolution of its literature out of folk poetry. Much of Latvian literature is an attempt to reestablish this connection. Written literature came late, fostered by German clergymen. Latvian secular literature began in the 18th century with G.F. Stender who, in the spirit of the Enlightenment, produced didactic tales or idyllic portrayals of country life and vainly attempted to supplant the folk songs by ditties of his ownthus, in his own way, verifying that the great wealth of folk songs (some 400,000 published, and about a million recorded but unpublished) has been in all ages a pervasive presence in Latvian literature. Already in the 17th century, C. Fuereccerus, a sensitive poet who introduced new metrical conventions and rhymes, at times also made use of stylistic elements from Latvian folk songs, and G. Mancelius, founder of Latvian prose, battled against folklore more in a spirit of affection than hostility. During the national awakening of the mid-19th century, the Latvians established their literary independence. Juris Alunans' book of verse Dziesminas (1856; Little Songs) founded the modern Latvian lyric. Folk poetry became a source of literary inspiration, as in the lyrics of Auseklis (M. Krogzems) and in Andrejs Pumpurs' epic poem Lacplesis (1888; Bearslayer). The first major Latvian novel, Mernieku laiki (1879; The Times of the Land-Surveyors), by Reinis and Matiss Kaudzites, portrayed Latvian peasant life realistically. Modern Latvian plays and short stories began with Rudolfs Blaumanis. In the 1890s the new movement demanded realism, but the major poet of that time, Janis Rainis (pseudonym of Janis Pliekans), wrote in a Symbolic manner, using the imagery of folk poetry in his depictions of contemporary problems. His wife, Aspazija (pseudonym of Elza Pliekana, ne Rozenberga), took up the struggle for women's rights but displayed rather Romantic tendencies in her later work. Janis Poruks introduced New Romanticism, whereas in the following decade Decadents or Symbolists propounded art for art's sake. A great emotional experience was the Revolution of 1905, when the Latvians tried to break away from imperialistic Russian and local German tutelage. Lyricism then began to predominate. In the verse and fairy tales of the great poet Karlis Skalbe, the ethical world of folk poetry was reborn. A new generation of authors arose when Latvia became independent in 1918. Janis Akuraters portrayed himself or romantic heroes with aesthetic ideals in the spirit of Friedrich Nietzsche, and his lyrics were powerful but improvised. A. Upitis, inspired by French and Russian naturalism, idealized working-class heroes. Edvarts Virza (pseudonym of Edvarts Lieknis) created lyrics in strict classical forms; his prose poem Straumeni (1933) praised the patriarchal farmstead. Lyrical emotionalism was disciplined in Janis Jaunsudrabin, whose best novel was a trilogy, Aija, Atbalss, and Ziema. World War I provided many themes for works such as K. trals' Kar (192227), Anna Brigadere's Kveloa loka (1922), and Aleksandrs Grins's Dveselu putenis (193234); the postwar atmosphere found expression in well-composed short stories by Janis Ezerin and Karlis Zarin. Janis Veselis tried to harmonize the spirit of the age with that of Latvian folk poetry; this is successfully realized in the poetry of Zinaida Lazda and Andrejs Eglitis and also in that of Veronika Strelerte. Latvians found it difficult to achieve a unified view of the world in the 20th century, however, and so turned to psychological detail. The stories of Mirdza Bendrupe show Freudian influence, and Eriks Adamsons depicted the neuroses of modern man. Anlavs Eglitis delighted in caricaturing and intensifying one particular human quality at a time. Martin Ziverts, the best modern Latvian dramatist, evolved a long, one-act play culminating in a great monologue, as in his historical tragedy Vara (1944). Several poets were still influenced or inspired by folk songs, but Aleksandrs Caks (pseudonym of Aleksandrs Cadarainis) created a new tradition, describing in free verse, with exaggerated images, the atmosphere of the suburbs. His outstanding work was a ballad cycle, Muzibas skartie (193739; Marked by Eternity), about the Latvian riflemen of World War I. His influence was felt in a new generation of poets who migrated to the West after World War II. The poetry of Velta Snikere contains certain elements of Surrealism in verse reminiscent of ancient Latvian magic formulas. A fusion of Caks's Imaginist poetry and the experience of big American cities led to the poetry of Linards Tauns and Gunars Salin. Caks's verse may have appeared too avant-garde to find an echo in the work of poets in present-day Latvia; but three gifted poets there, Vizma Belevica, Ojars Vacietis, and Imants Ziedonis, gave individual expression to their inner worlds of experience constrained by external pressures. In the West, new vistas were opening up in the poetry of Astride Ivaska, Aina Kraujiete, and Baiba Bicole. In the field of prose, Alberts Bels, a noteworthy writer in Latvia, portrayed a many-faceted reality; in the West, Ilze kipsna moved from existentialism to profound Symbolism working at various levels, as in her novel Neapsolitas zemes (1971). J.A. Andrups Additional reading Janis Andrups and Vitauts Kalve, Latvian Literature (1954); Aleksis Rubulis, Baltic Literature (1970); Rolfs Ekmanis, Latvian Literature Under the Soviets, 19401975 (1978).