LAUDON, GIDEON ERNEST, FREIHERR VON

born Feb. 2, 1717, Tootzen, Swedish Livonia died July 14, 1790, Neutitschein (baron of), Laudon also spelled Loudon Austrian field marshal who was one of the most successful Habsburg commanders during the Seven Years' War (175663) and the Austro-Turkish War of 178791. The son of a Swedish officer of Scottish descent, Laudon entered the Russian Army as a cadet in 1732. After an unsuccessful bid to serve Prussia, he joined the Austrian forces in 1741. He distinguished himself during the War of the Austrian Succession (174048), but his rapid rise began with the Seven Years' War, a worldwide conflict that in Europe involved the struggle between Austria and Prussia for supremacy in Germany. Laudon defeated Frederick II the Great of Prussia at Kunersdorf (1759) and Landshut (1760) and became Austrian commander in chief for Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia. Although he was crushed by Frederick at Liegnitz (1760), he captured Schweidnitz in a surprise attack in 1761 in the last Austrian success of the war. After retiring in 1763, he served without distinction during the War of the Bavarian Succession (177879). Recalled in 1788, he crowned his career by capturing Belgrade from the Turks in 1789 and was made commander in chief of the Austrian armed forces.