LAZARUS, MORITZ

born Sept. 15, 1824, Filehne, Prussia [now Wielen, Pol.] died April 13, 1903, Meran, Austria [now Merano, Italy] Jewish philosopher and psychologist, a leading opponent of anti-Semitism in his time and a founder of comparative psychology. The son of a rabbinical scholar, Lazarus studied Hebrew literature and history, law, and philosophy at Berlin. He served as professor at Bern (186066), at the Kriegs Akademie in Berlin (186773), and at the Friedrich Wilhelm University (now Humboldt University of Berlin) in Berlin (1873). The fundamental principle of Lazarus' philosophy stated that truth must be sought not in metaphysical or a priori abstractions but in psychological investigation; further, this investigation cannot confine itself successfully to the individual consciousness but must be devoted primarily to society as a whole. The psychologist must study humanity from the historical or comparative standpoint, analyzing the elements that constitute the fabric of society, with its customs, its conventions, and the main tendencies of its evolution. To further this Vlkerpsychologie (German: folk, or comparative, psychology), he founded, with the philologist H. Steinthal, the journal Zeitschrift fr Vlkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft (1859). His chief philosophical work is Das Leben der Seele, 3 vol. (185557; The Life of the Soul). In both 1869 and 1871 Lazarus was president of the Liberal Jewish synods at Leipzig and Augsburg. As a leading defender of Judaism against the anti-Semitism of his day, he was an outstanding spokesman. His works on Jewish subjects include Treu und frei: Reden und Vortrge ber Juden und Judenthum (1887; Faithful and Free: Speeches and Lectures About Jews and Judaism); a monograph on the prophet Jeremiah (1894); and Die Ethik des Judentums, 2 vol. (vol. 1, 1898; vol. 2, 1911; The Ethics of Judaism), which soon achieved the rank of a standard work.