LEHTONEN, JOEL

born Nov. 27, 1881, Sminki, Fin. died 1934, Helsinki Finnish novelist in the naturalistic tradition of mile Zola and Maksim Gorky. The first stage of Lehtonen's career was characterized by the Neoromanticism of the turn of the century, and his first novel, Paholaisen viula (1904; The Fiddle of the Devil), is highly indebted to Selma Lagerlf's Gsta Berlings saga (1891). In Rakastunut rampa (1922; The Amorous Cripple), however, Lehtonen bitterly rejects the tributes to individualism and genius worship that marked his youthful phase. The main character has deluded himself into believing that he is a superman, but as circumstances assail him he becomes overwhelmed with shame and finally commits suicide. Lehtonen returns in the short-story collection Kuolleet omenapuut (1918; The Dead Apple Trees) to the subject of the Finnish civil war and views it with doubt and disgust. Nihilism dominates his view of man in Putkinotko (191920). In it, Lehtonen despairs of the future and views the growth of industrial society as a disease. The same cultural pessimism appears in Henkien taistelu (1933; The Struggle of Spirits) and in his poems, Hyvstijtt Lintukodolle (1934; Farewell to the Bird's Nest), which were written shortly before his suicide. Lehtonen's influence on Finnish literature has increased over the years.