LEO IX, SAINT

original name Bruno, Graf (count) Von Egisheim Und Dagsburg born June 21, 1002, Egisheim, Alsace, Upper Lorraine died April 19, 1054, Rome; feast day April 19 head of the medieval Latin Church (104954), during whose reign the papacy became the focal point of western Europe, and the great EastWest Schism of 1054 became inevitable. Additional reading Lucien Sittler and Paul Stintzi (eds.), Saint Lon IX, le pape alsacien (1950), a competent and readable account; Horace K. Mann, The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages, vol. 6, The Popes of the Gregorian Renaissance, pp. 19182 (1910), the fullest account in English, although in many respects outdated; Pour le neuvime centnaire de la mort de saint Lon IX (1954), a memorial volume commemorating the ninth centenary of Leo's death and concerning a number of aspects of his pontificate; Owen J. Blum in the New Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 8, pp. 642643 (1967); V. Grumel, Les Prliminaires du schisme de Michel Crulaire ou la question romaine avant 1054, Revue des tudes byzantines, 10:523 (1952), an examination of the historical background of the schism; Steven Runciman, The Eastern Schism: A Study of the Papacy and the Eastern Churches During the XIth and XIIth Centuries (1955); Donald M. Nicol, Byzantium and the Papacy in the 11th century, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 13:120 (1962), a very competent survey of the subject; F. Dvornik, Byzance et la primaut romaine (1964; Byzantium and the Roman Primacy, 1966), an original assessment based on the author's own research.