LEVI-STRAUSS, CLAUDE

born Nov. 28, 1908, Brussels, Belg. French social anthropologist and leading exponent of structuralism, a name applied to the analysis of cultural systems (e.g., kinship and mythical systems) in terms of the structural relations among their elements. Structuralism has influenced not only 20th-century social science but also the study of philosophy, comparative religion, literature, and film. After studying philosophy and law at the University of Paris (192732), Lvi-Strauss taught in a secondary school and was associated with Jean-Paul Sartre's intellectual circle. He served as professor of sociology at the University of So Paulo, Brazil (193437), and did field research on the Indians of Brazil. He was visiting professor at the New School for Social Research in New York City (194145), where he was influenced by the work of linguist Roman Jakobson. From 1950 to 1974 he was director of studies at the cole Pratique des Hautes tudes at the University of Paris, and in 1959 he was appointed to the chair of social anthropology at the Collge de France. In 1949 Lvi-Strauss published his first major work, Les Structures lmentaires de la parent (rev. ed., 1967; The Elementary Structures of Kinship). He attained popular recognition with Tristes tropiques (1955; A World on the Wane), a literary intellectual autobiography. Other publications include Anthropologie structurale (rev. ed., 1961; Structural Anthropology), La Pense Sauvage (1962; The Savage Mind), and Le Totmisme aujourd'hui (1962; Totemism). His massive Mythologiques appeared in four volumes: Le Cru et le cuit (1964; The Raw and the Cooked), Du miel aux cendres (1966; From Honey to Ashes), L'Origine des manires de table (1968; The Origin of Table Manners), and L'Homme nu (1971; The Naked Man). In 1973 a second volume of Anthropologie structurale appeared. La Voie des masques, 2 vol. (1975; The Way of the Masks), analyzed the art, religion, and mythology of native American Northwest Coast Indians. In 1983 he published a collection of essays, Le Regard loign (The View from Afar). Lvi-Strauss's structuralism was an effort to reduce the enormous amount of information about cultural systems to what he believed were the essentials, the formal relationships among their elements. He viewed cultures as systems of communication, and he constructed models based on structural linguistics, information theory, and cybernetics to interpret them.