LINCOLN

capital of Nebraska, U.S., and seat (1869) of Lancaster county, in the southeastern part of the state. Laid out in 1859 as Lancaster, it was renamed for Pres. Abraham Lincoln when it was selected (1867, the year of Nebraskan statehood) as the compromise site for a state capital between two conflicting factions, the North Platters, who favoured Omaha, and the South Platters, who favoured a location south of Salt Creek. The Burlington and Missouri River line from Plattsmouth arrived in 1870, and Lincoln became a railroad junction for the major routes from Chicago to Denver and from Kansas City to Billings, Mont. By the 1890s, the city had 19 different rail routes. Railroads furnished Lincoln with its most important industry through the establishment of major repair and locomotive shops in suburban Havelock. Havelock, University Place, College View, and Bethany, previously separate towns, were annexed by Lincoln during 192630. Situated in a large irrigated farming area, Lincoln is a major grain market with milling, grain storage, meat-packing, and farm-equipment distribution business. Manufactures include industrial rubber products, agricultural machinery, telephone equipment, bricks, and pharmaceuticals. Of economic significance has been Lincoln's growth as an insurance centre, with more than 30 firms having home offices there. Government-operated institutions, including several specialized hospitals and correctional facilities, also contribute to the economy. Educational institutions include the University of Nebraska (1869), Union College (1891; Seventh-day Adventist), and Nebraska Wesleyan University (1887; Methodist). There are also several notable museums and art galleries on the grounds of the University of Nebraska. The Nebraska Art Association, the Lincoln Symphony Orchestra, and the Lincoln Community Playhouse are representative of cultural groups. The state capitol, completed in 1932 and Lincoln's third, was designed by U.S. architect Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue; its central tower, rising 400 ft (120 m) from a massive two-story base, is a highly visible landmark. The legislature that meets there became unicameral in 1937 (unique in the United States). In the early 20th century, the political life of the city was dominated by William Jennings Bryan, who lived there from 1887 to 1921. As a young lawyer, Bryan entered politics and went to Congress (1890) from Lincoln, where, after his defeat in the presidential election of 1900, he published his weekly journal, the Commoner. Fairview, the Bryan home on the grounds of Bryan Hospital, has been restored. Lincoln is the headquarters of the Nebraska National Forest and the Oglala National Grassland (mainly in northwestern Nebraska). Inc. 1869; made a city of the first class, 1887. Pop. (1990) city, 191,972; Lincoln MSA, 213,641. county, south central New Mexico, U.S. It is a rugged region in the Basin and Range Province, with green hills and large plains surrounding and separating high mountain ranges. The plains are eroded, with canyons and the beds of dry streams; the tree-covered mountains include the Sierra Blanca, Sierra Oscura, Gallinas (with 8,615-foot [2,625-metre] Gallinas Peak), Jicarilla (with 9,650-foot [2,941-metre] Carrizo Mountain), and Capitan (with 10,083-foot [3,073-metre] Capitan Peak). Much of southwestern Lincoln county is covered by the Malpais, a region of lava beds whitened by dust; the lava originated in Little Black Peak. Valley of Fires National Recreation Area is in the Malpais; the county also includes the Lincoln and Cibola national forests, White Mountain Wilderness, Lincoln State Monument, and Smokey Bear Capitan Historical State Park. The town of Lincoln was settled in 1849 and became the county seat when Lincoln county was established in 1869; at that time Lincoln was the largest county in the United States, covering one-fourth of New Mexico. The town was the centre of the Lincoln County War (1878), fought between rival merchants for economic domination. It began with accusations of cattle rustling and escalated to murder and a five-day gun battle at the courthouse. The teen-aged killer Billy the Kid (William Bonney) figured prominently in the carnage, killing a sheriff and escaping from jail. Gold was discovered at White Oaks in 1879, leading to development of the county's mineral resources. Tourism and recreation and livestock raising drive the economy. Carrizozo is the county seat, and Ruidoso is the largest town. Area 4,831 square miles (12,513 square km). Pop. (1990) 12,219. county, southeastern Nevada, U.S., bordering on Utah and Arizona and sited immediately north of Clark county (and the city of Las Vegas). A region of mountains (including the Pahroc, Groom, and Wilson Creek ranges) and desert, Lincoln county contains a large segment of Nellis Air Force Range (southwest). Much of the economy depends on military-related activities and on perlite mining. The county was created in 1866, and its seat is Pioche. Area 10,635 square miles (27,544 square km). Pop. (1990) 3,775. county, southern Maine, U.S. It is located in a coastal region bounded on the south by Sheepscot and Muscongus bays and includes several islands in the Atlantic Ocean; the coastline is deeply indented. The county is drained by the Eastern, Sheepscot, Damariscotta, and Medomak rivers. Damariscotta Lake State Park is located on the northern shore of Damariscotta Lake. Timberland consists of spruce, pine, and fir forests. Monhegan Island, recorded by Italian explorer John Cabot in 1498, was visited by English colonist John Smith in 1614. Bristol is the site of Nahanda Village, a prehistoric Indian encampment, and of Fort William Henry (built 1692). The county was formed in 1760 and named for Lincoln, Eng. Wiscasset, the county seat, flourished as a centre of shipping and lumbering in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Nearby Fort Edgecomb, which never saw battle, was built in 1808 as a bulwark against British warships. Several extant lighthouses were built in the 1820s. Boothbay Harbor, a 17th-century English settlement, and Waldoboro, an 18th-century German settlement, are resort towns that developed as shipbuilding centres. Tourism is a major industry in the county. Area 456 square miles (1,180 square km). Pop. (1990) 30,357; (1996 est.) 31,303. city (district), administrative and historic county of Lincolnshire, England. It stands 200 feet (60 metres) above sea level on an impressive site at the point where the River Witham cuts a deep gap through the limestone escarpment of Lincoln Edge. Lincoln is the market centre for a major arable agricultural district, and many of its industries are agriculturally based, including food processing; it also has manufacturing of heavy machinery. The convergence of the major eastern English road and rail routes on Lincoln contributes to its importance. Lincoln was a significant Roman town; called Lindum, it lay on the line of Fosse Way and Ermine Street and served as a fortress for the 9th Legion. By 71 CE it had become a colonia, serving as a settlement for retired legionary soldiers. The town walls were first established in this period, and relics of these still remain, including Newport Arch. Exchequer Gate, Potter Gate, and Stonebow are medieval gates built much later. The many other Roman finds include a public fountain, cemeteries, baths, and kilns, and the museum has an extensive collection of Roman antiquities. Lincoln became one of the five boroughs under Danish rule in eastern England, and by the late Middle Ages it was one of England's major towns. Henry II gave the city its first charter in 1154, and citizens gained many privileges and a freedom somewhat similar to that of the City of London. Lincoln's importance continued when it was made a staple (trading) town dealing in wool, leather, and skins, activities that contributed to its prosperity at the end of the 13th century. Many of Lincoln's famous buildings are medieval. Lincoln Castle, standing on the Lincoln Edge opposite the cathedral, dates from 1068 and contains Norman fragments. The castle keep dates from the 12th century. The cathedral, also Norman, stands on an elevated site overlooking the city. Built of local limestone, it is severely weathered on the outside, but inside it contains noted examples of Gothic architecture. The surrounding cathedral close contains the polygonal Chapter House (1225), the earliest English example of its kind. Area 14 square miles (36 square km). Pop. (1998 est.) 82,800. city, seat of Logan county, central Illinois, U.S. Founded in 1853, it was named for Abraham Lincoln, then a Springfield attorney, who handled its incorporation (1857) and was present at the opening ceremonies. It was the only U.S. community named for Lincoln during his lifetime and with his knowledge and cooperation. Lincoln also tried cases from 1847 to 1859 in Postville, a settlement founded in 1835 and chosen as county seat in 1839, which, after 1864, became a part of Lincoln. A replica of the Postville Court House is maintained as a state historic site. Lincoln is a trading centre for a rich agricultural area (grain, poultry, and cattle). Its farm economy is supplemented by light manufactures, chiefly glassware, store fixtures, toiletries, electrical controls, clothing, and corrugated boxes. The city is the seat of Lincoln (junior) College (1865), the Lincoln Developmental Center (school for retarded children), and Lincoln Christian College (1944). Railsplitter State Park is nearby. Pop. (1990) 15,418.