LOUVAIN

(French), Flemish Leuven municipality and capital of Flemish Brabant province, Flemish Region, central Belgium. It lies along the Dyle (Dijle) River and is connected by canal with the Scheldt (Schelde). The city is about 16 miles (26 km) east of Brussels. It was founded in the 9th century around a fortress built by a German emperor against the Normans, and it became important in the 11th century as the residence of the counts of Louvain, afterward (1190) the dukes of Brabant. Louvain was a cloth-weaving centre and one of the largest cities in Europe in the 14th century, when a feud began between its citizenry and nobility. In 1379, 17 nobles were massacred in the town hall, bringing down the vengeance of the duke, to whom the citizens made abject surrender in 1383. Soon thereafter the city declined as many weavers fled to Flanders and England; the duke moved to Vilvoorde, and Brussels replaced Louvain as the capital of Brabant. What it lost in trade, Louvain partly recovered as a seat of learning, for in 1425 the Catholic University of Louvain was founded. The first university in the Netherlands, it became renowned for its Roman Catholic teaching. Louvain suffered considerable damage in World Wars I and II. During the German invasion of 1914, the university's famous library and the Cloth Workers' Hall (1193) were burned. Louvain is still a major cultural centre and is also an agricultural market. Its industries include food processing, brewing, and the manufacture of leather goods, machinery, and chemicals, as well as sawmilling and bell founding. The three-story town hall is one of the richest and most detailed examples of pointed Gothic and was built by Mathieu de Layens, the master mason, from 1448 to 1463. The Church of St. Peter, which originally dated from the early 11th century, was twice destroyed before being rebuilt as a Gothic structure (142597), and it was again damaged in both world wars. The church contains two fine paintings by Dirck Bouts and ironwork and brassworkmuch of it by Quentin Massys. Other notable medieval buildings include the Round Table (former meeting place of the merchant guilds), churches of St. Gertrude, St. Quentin, Saint-Michel, and St. James, two monasteries, and a bguinage (retreat for secular nuns) with a church of 1305; the bguinage has been the property of Louvain's Catholic University since 1962. At nearby Heverlee is the 16th-century chteau of Arenberg; Leefdaal has one of similar vintage. Pop. (1993 est.) mun., 85,592.