LUBA

also called Baluba, a Bantu-speaking cluster of peoples of south-central Congo (Kinshasa). Numbering about 5,594,000 in the late 20th century, they inhabit a wide area extending throughout much of southern Congo. The name Luba applies to a variety of tribes that, though of different origins, speak closely related languages, exhibit many common cultural traits, and share a common political history founded on the beginnings (16th century) and breakdown (17th century onward) of the Luba empires. (See Luba-Lunda states.) Three main subdivisions may be recognized: the Luba-Shankaji of Katanga, the Luba-Bambo of Kasai, and the Luba-Hemba of northern Katanga and southern Kivu. All are historically, linguistically, and culturally linked with other Congo peoples. The Shankaji branch is also connected with the early founders of the Lunda Empire. The Luba are savanna and forest dwellers who practice hunting, food gathering, and agriculture (cassava, corn ), keep small livestock, and live in villages of a single street, with rectangular thatched-roof huts along either side. They fish the Congo and its main tributaries intensively. In the 16th and 17th centuries, most of the Luba were ruled by a paramount chief (bulopwe, or balopwe), although smaller independent chiefdoms already existed. The breakdown of the empire resulted in the development either of smaller chiefdoms or of small autonomous local lineage groups. Luba practice circumcision and women's initiation; they have associations for hunting, magic, and medicine. They have a strong belief in a supreme being and worship ancestors and natural spirits. Literature, including epic cycles, is well-developed. The Shankaji and Hemba are renowned wood-carvers; they are especially known for their carvings of anthropomorphic figures, ceremonial axes, and headrests.