LUGEON, MAURICE

born July 10, 1870, Poissy, France died Oct. 23, 1953, Lausanne, Switz. Swiss geologist who provided the first comprehensive interpretation of the Alps as a whole. Lugeon moved with his parents to Lausanne, Switz., in 1876 and graduated in 1893 from the university, where he later accepted a professorship (1898). He had first encountered field geology when, as a boy of 15, he accompanied an assistant in the official survey of a portion of the Prealps mountains south of Lake Geneva. In 1901, in a paper before the French Geologic Society, Lugeon presented his synthesis of all the distinct and seemingly disparate elements of Alpine geology. He demonstrated that the north front of the Alpine chain is composed of large superimposed nappes (folded sheets of rock thrust over the rocks beneath). His theory that the mountains near the Simplon Pass on the Swiss-Italian border were large recumbent folds pushed toward the north was confirmed after the completion of the Simplon Tunnel (1905) allowed a geologic profile of the region to be taken. Lugeon's work was closely connected with that of Hans Schardt, a Swiss geologist who had recognized that the Prealps were composed of folds that had advanced for tens of kilometres over the preexisting rock and who had proposed that this motion was caused by the gravitational creep or plastic flow of rock layers down gentle slopes. Lugeon became the chief proponent of Schardt's ideas and applied them in his interpretation of the entire Alpine chain. Lugeon also won international renown as a consultant on dam sites and wrote Barrages et gologie (1933; Dams and Geology), which summarized his work in this field.