LUGONES, LEOPOLDO

born June 13, 1874, Villa Mara del Ro Seco, Arg. died Feb. 19, 1938, Buenos Aires Argentine poet, literary and social critic, and cultural ambassador, considered by many the outstanding figure of his age in the cultural life of Argentina. He was a strong influence on the younger generation of writers that included the prominent short-story writer and novelist Jorge Luis Borges. His influence in public life set the pace for national development in the arts and education. Lugones began as a socialist journalist, settling in Buenos Aires, where in 1897 he helped found La montaa (The Mountain), a socialist journal, and became an active member of the group of Modernist experimental poets led by the Nicaraguan Rubn Daro. Lugones' first important collection of poems, Las montaas del oro (1897; Mountains of Gold), reveals his affinity with the goals of Modernism in its use of free verse and exotic imagery, devices that he continued in Los crepsculos del jardn (1905; Twilights in the Garden) and Lunario sentimental (1909; Sentimental Lunar Almanac). Between 1911 and 1914 Lugones lived in Paris, editing the Revue Sudamricaine (South American Review), but he returned to Argentina at the outbreak of World War I. A change in his political outlook from the radical socialism of his youth to an intense conservative nationalism was paralleled in his art by a rejection of Modernism in favour of a treatment of national themes in a realistic style. This change, already foreshadowed in the prose sketches of La guerra gaucha (1905; The Gaucho War), was fully revealed in the poems of El libro de los paisajes (1917; The Book of Landscapes), which extolled the beauty of the Argentine countryside. Lugones continued to develop native themes in such prose works as Cuentos fatales (1924; Tales of Fate), a collection of short stories, and the novel El ngel de la sombra (1926; The Angel of the Shadow). Lugones was director of the National Council of Education (191438), and he represented Argentina in the Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations (1924). He was also noted for several volumes of Argentine history, for studies of Classical Greek literature and culture, and for his Spanish translations of the Iliad and the Odyssey. An introverted man who thought of himself primarily as a poet, Lugones was genuinely uneasy about the prominence that he had achieved and the public responsibilities that it entailed. He became a fascist in 1929. Under great emotional strain in later years, he committed suicide.