MACMILLAN, DANIEL; AND MACMILLAN, ALEXANDER

born Sept. 13, 1813, Isle of Arran, Buteshire, Scot. died June 27, 1857, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, Eng. born Oct. 3, 1818, Irvine, Ayrshire, Scot. died Jan. 26, 1896, London? Scottish booksellers and publishers who, in 1843, founded Macmillan & Co., a bookshop that grew into one of the largest publishing firms in the world, producing textbooks, works of science and literature, and high-quality periodicals. After his father's death in 1824, Daniel, aged 11, was apprenticed to a bookseller in Irvine; he moved to Glasgow in 1831 and to Cambridge two years later. From 1837 to 1843 he worked for Messrs. Seeley, London booksellers, and then bought out a bookshop in Cambridge, where he was joined by his brother Alexander; their first catalog appeared in March 1844. The shop prospered, and within two years the brothers had absorbed the business of their chief local rival. The Macmillans began publishing textbooks in 1844, met with steady success, and published their first novel, Charles Kingsley's Westward Ho!, in 1855. Their first best-seller was Thomas Hughes's novel Tom Brown's School Days (1857). At the time of Daniel's death in 1857, the firm was still rather small, issuing about 40 titles annually. Alexander expanded the list to more than 150 annually during his 32 years of active management; he founded Macmillan's Magazine (18591907), a literary periodical, and Nature (1869 to date), which became a leading scientific journal. In 1867 he visited the United States to establish a branch office; the firm also expanded its activities to Canada, Australia, and India. Among the most important of the many Victorian authors published during Alexander's lifetime were Alfred Lord Tennyson, Thomas Henry Huxley, Lewis Carroll, Rudyard Kipling, and William Butler Yeats. Frederick Orridge Macmillan, the son of Daniel, became a partner in 1876 and first chairman in 1893. Frederick's partners were his younger brothers Maurice Crawford and George Augustin Macmillan; they were succeeded by Maurice's sons Daniel de Mendi Macmillan, the chairman, and Harold Macmillan, who, in a reorganization of the company in 1964, became chairman of Macmillan & Co., the book-publishing side of the business.