MADHUBUTI, HAKI R.

born Feb. 23, 1942, Little Rock, Ark., U.S. original name Don Luther Lee African-American author, publisher, and teacher. Lee attended several colleges in Chicago and graduate school at the University of Iowa (M.F.A., 1984); he also served in the U.S. Army (196063). He taught at various colleges and universities, in 1984 becoming a faculty member at Chicago State University. His poetry, which began to appear in the 1960s, was written in black dialect and slang. His work is characterized both by anger at social and economic injustice and by rejoicing in African-American culture. His first six volumes of poetry were published in the 1960s. The verse collection Don't Cry, Scream (1969) includes an introduction by poet Gwendolyn Brooks. Lee's poetry readings were extremely popular during this time. Lee founded the Third World Press in 1967, and he established the Institute of Positive Education in Chicago, a school for black children, in 1969. Among his poetry collections published under the Swahili name Haki R. Madhubuti are Book of Life (1973), Killing Memory, Seeking Ancestors (1987), and GroundWork (1996). He also wrote From Plan to PlanetLife Studies: The Need for Afrikan Minds and Institutions (1973) and an essay collection, Enemies: The Clash of Races (1978).