MAMOULIAN, ROUBEN

born Oct. 8, 1897, Tiflis [now Tbilisi], Georgia, Russian Empire died Dec. 4, 1987, Los Angeles, Calif., U.S. theatrical and motion-picture director noted for his contribution to the development of cinematic art at the beginning of the sound era. His achievements include the skillful blending of music and sound effects with an imaginative visual rhythm. Born into an Armenian family, Mamoulian received a degree in law from the University of Moscow. While engaged in law studies, Mamoulian had become involved in acting, directing, and playwriting at the Moscow Art Theatre (now Moscow Academic Art Theatre). In 1918 he moved to London, where he directed grand opera, operettas, and musicals. Emigrating to the United States in 1923, he became the director of production for the Eastman Theatre, Rochester, N.Y. During the late 1920s he worked for the Theatre Guild and made a deep impression in American theatre with his production in 1927 of the American folk play Porgy. He directed a number of stage plays and one sound film, Applause (1929), before moving to Hollywood. For his work in Applause, he mounted wheels on the camera, which had had to be enclosed in a booth to block out noise for early sound films and had been thereby rendered stationary; this innovation brought him quick recognition. His noteworthy early films include City Streets (1931), a gangster picture; Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1932); The Song of Songs (1933); Queen Christina (1933); We Live Again (1934); Becky Sharp (1935), the first picture in the new Technicolor process; Golden Boy (1939); The Mark of Zorro (1940); and Blood and Sand (1941). Love Me Tonight (1932), an operetta that featured Maurice Chevalier and Jeanette MacDonald, was the first in a series of gay, imaginative musical comedies, including The Gay Desperado (1936), High, Wide and Handsome (1937), Summer Holiday (1948), and Silk Stockings (1957). Mamoulian's major stage works were colourful musicals, including Porgy and Bess (1935), Oklahoma! (New York, 1943; Europe, 1955), and Carousel (New York, 1945).