MANSUR, ABU 'AMIR AL-

born c. 938 died Aug. 10, 1002, Spain in full Muhammad Ibn Abu 'amir Al-mansur, Latin and Spanish Almanzor the chief minister and virtual ruler of the Umayyad caliphate of Crdoba for 24 years (9781002). Mansur was descended from a member of the Arab army that conquered Spain. He began his career as a professional letter writer, becoming the protg (and supposedly the lover) of the mother of the young caliph Hisham II (first reign 9761009). In 978, with the aid of his father-in-law, General Ghalib, he overthrew and succeeded the vizier (chief minister). By giving African territories local independence under Umayyad suzerainty, Mansur reduced the drain on government resources. He replaced Slavs in the Cordoban army with Berber and Christian mercenaries and conducted a series of successful campaigns against the Christian states of northern Spain, including one against the great shrine of Santiago de Compostela in 997. In 981 he assumed the honorific title of al-Mansur bi-Allah (Made Victorious by God), exercising supreme power in Crdoba, and in 994 he adopted the title of al-Malik al-Karim (Noble King), while the caliph continued as nominal chief of state. Mansur died on the way back from a campaign against Castile, the 50th of his expeditions, and was succeeded by his son; but his family, known as the 'Amirids, retained power for only a few more years.