MARCHAIS, GEORGES (-REN-LOUIS)

born June 7, 1920, La Hoguette, France French politician, leader of the French Communist Party from 1972 to 1994. As a young man Marchais worked as a mechanic and in 1946 became secretary of the union of metalworkers in Issy-les-Moulineaux. Marchais joined the Communist Party in 1947, and his rise through the hierarchy was rapid. In 1956 he became a member of the central committee, and in 1972 he became secretary general of the party. In 1972, with the Socialist leader Franois Mitterrand and the radical leader Robert Fabre, Marchais worked out a common political program between the leftist parties in France, to combine their electoral strength. Marchais was elected to the National Assembly in March 1973 and was continually reelected thereafter. He and his party supported Mitterrand as the unsuccessful candidate of the unified left in the presidential elections of 1974. After the breakup of the Communist-Socialist alliance in 1977, Marchais abandoned his previous moderate Marxist stance and adopted a more pro-Soviet, hard-line policy. But his attempt to restore the Communists to their former dominance of the left by adopting an orthodox and dogmatic Communist stance alienated many sympathizers and drove them to the Socialist camp. In the first round of the presidential election in April 1981, Marchais ran against Mitterrand but dropped out after the first round, having polled only 15.3 percent of the vote, the worst showing for a Communist presidential candidate since 1935. In subsequent years support for the Communist Party declined further; in parliamentary elections held in 1986 and 1993 the party received less than 10 percent of the vote. Throughout his career Marchais's wartime record was a subject of controversy. Opponents charged that during World War II he volunteered to work in an aircraft factory in Germany; Marchais claimed that he had been deported into forced labour.