MARY OF LORRAINE,

born Nov. 22, 1515, Bar-le-Duc, Lorraine, Fr. died June 11, 1560, Edinburgh also called Mary Of Guise, French Marie De Lorraine, or De Guise regent of Scotland for her daughter, Mary Stuart, during the early years of the Scottish Reformation. A Roman Catholic, she pursued pro-French policies that involved her in civil war with Scotland's Protestant nobles. Mary was the eldest child of Claude de Lorraine, 1er duc de Guise of Lorraine. By her first marriage, to Louis d'Orlans, 2e duc de Longueville, on Aug. 4, 1534, she had one son, Franois, 3e duc de Longueville. Widowed in 1537, she married King James V of Scotland in 1538, frustrating the hopes of England's King Henry VIII for her hand. But James died on Dec. 14, 1542, a few days after the birth of their daughter, Mary Stuart. In April 1554, James, 2nd earl of Arran, resigned, and Mary of Lorraine replaced him as regent for her 12-year-old daughter. At first she reconciled the religious factions under her rule, arranging, with Protestant support, her daughter's marriage in 1558 to the Dauphin (later King Francis II) of France. Apparently, however, pressure from France caused her to abandon her policy of religious toleration and to attempt the suppression of Protestantism in Scotland. By initiating legal proceedings against a number of reformist preachers in 1559, she sparked an uprising at Perth. The Protestant lords then drove Mary from Edinburgh and on Oct. 21, 1559, proclaimed that she was deposed. With French assistance she recaptured Edinburgh, but an English army helped the Protestants by besieging Leith in April 1560. The ailing regent took refuge in Edinburgh Castle and on her deathbed urged the nobles of both parties to dismiss the armies of France and England and pledge to support her daughter. Her wishes were fulfilled soon after her death, but ultimately Mary Stuart proved unable to rule Scotland.