MCMANUS, RACHEL LOUISE

born March 4, 1896, North Smithfield, R.I., U.S. died May 29, 1993, Natick, Mass. American nursing educator, an early leader in extending professional nurse training in the United States and internationally. McManus graduated from the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, New York, before earning a nursing degree from the Massachusetts General Hospital School of Nursing. Her long association with Columbia University Teachers College in New York City began with her enrollment there as a student. In addition to receiving bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees from that institution, she also served on its faculty for 36 years, beginning in 1925. During that time she founded the Institute of Research and Service in Nursing Education at Teachers College, and from 1947 until her retirement in 1961 she served as director of the Division of Nursing Education there. A pioneer of nursing education, McManus introduced standardized testing for nursing students as a preliminary step en route to licensure and certification. She also initiated the junior-college program in nursing. In 1964 Teachers College honoured McManus's achievements by naming its Nursing Education Alumni Medal after her. She also served on the Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Armed Services. McManus's involvement in nursing education extended beyond national boundaries. As an adviser to Hacettepe University College in Ankara and the Florence Nightingale College of Nursing at the University of Istanbul, she helped professionalize nursing studies in Turkey. She also served as chairman of the Florence Nightingale International Foundation of Nursing in London.