MILLET

(Turkish: religious community, or people), according to the Qur'an, the religion professed by Abraham and other ancient prophets. In medieval Islamic states, the word was applied to certain non-Muslim minorities, mainly Christians and Jews. In the heterogeneous Ottoman Empire (c. 13001923), a millet was an autonomous self-governing religious community, each organized under its own laws and headed by a religious leader, who was responsible to the central government for the fulfillment of millet responsibilities and duties, particularly those of paying taxes and maintaining internal security. In addition, each millet assumed responsibility for social and administrative functions not provided by the state, conducting affairs through a communal council (meclisimill) without intervention from outside. From 1856 on, a series of imperial reform edicts introduced secular law codes for all citizens, and much of the millets' administrative autonomy was lost. any of various grasses, members of the Gramineae (Poaceae) family, producing small edible seeds used as forage crops and as food cereals. Millets, probably first cultivated in Asia or Africa more than 4,000 years ago, range in height from 1 to 4 feet (0.3 to 1.3 m), with the exception of pearl millet, which has stalks 5 to 10 feet (1.5 to 3 m) tall and about 1 inch (2.54 cm) thick. The heads may be spikes or racemes, in which the flowers are borne on stalks of about equal length along an elongated axis, or panicles, clusters of small florets. With the exception of pearl millet, seeds remain enclosed in hulls after threshing. Hulled seeds are usually creamy white. Millets are an important food staple in much of Asia, Russia, and western Africa. In the United States and western Europe they are used chiefly for pasture or to produce hay, although they were major grains in Europe during the Middle Ages. Pearl millet, or cattail millet, called bajra in India (species Pennisetum americanum), is suited to soils of low fertility and limited moisture and is a popular food crop in India and Africa. Prosothe common, or broomcorn, millet (Panicum miliaceum)ripening within 6080 days after sowing, is used in birdseed and chick-feed mixtures and as livestock feed in the United States and as a food in Asia and eastern Europe. Foxtail varieties (Setaria [Chaetochloa] italica) having small pointed seeds are grown for hay in North America and western Europe but are important as foods in China and other Asian countries. Finger millet, or koracan millet, also called raggee ( Eleusine coracana), is an important food grain in southern Asia and parts of Africa. Japanese millet (Echinochloa crus-galli variety frumentacea) is grown chiefly in Japan and the United States as a hay crop. Little millet (Panicum miliare) is chiefly a food crop of India. Browntop (Panicum ramosum) is grown in the southeastern United States for hay, pasture, and game-bird feed. The millets are high in carbohydrates, with protein content varying from 6 to 11 percent and fat varying from 1.5 to 5 percent. They are somewhat strong in taste and cannot be made into leavened bread. Instead, they are mainly consumed in flatbreads and porridges or prepared and eaten much like rice. About 30,000,000 metric tons of millet are produced annually, chiefly in India, China, Nigeria, and Russia.