MONGOLIAN LITERATURE

literature written in any of the Mongolian languages of east-central Asia. Traditionally, ligers, orally transmitted epic stories in verse, have constituted the bulk of native literary expression. These highly stylized stories relate the adventures of legendary and historical heroes (including Genghis Khan). The frequent villain is the many-headed monster, the manggus, whom the hero always defeats. The verses of these epics alliterate in couplets or quatrains. Much phraseology is repeated from story to story, epic to epic. Historical chronicles represented another important form of indigenous literature, the earliest being the Secret History of the Mongols, an imperial chronicle dealing with the life and times of Genghis Khan and his successors, and written probably in AD 1240. Many of these chronicles begin with the creation of the world from primordial elements, and many attempt to link the Indian and Tibetan rulers into the house of Genghis Khan. Such are the Altan tobchi (The Golden Button), composed in the 17th century and giving a world history down to Ligdan (reigned 160434), last of the great Mongol khans. Another is Altan tobchi of about 100 years later. Mongolian literature was profoundly influenced by the introduction of Buddhism about the end of the 16th century, evoking translations of Buddhist sacred writings and related works. A Buddhist canonical collection, the Kanjur (drawn from the Tipitaka), was translated and printed in 1635 in 108 volumes; the Tanjur, containing canonical commentary and noncanonical works in its 225 volumes, followed in 1741. Many Buddhist stories and fables from India were also translated or re-created. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Chinese traders brought from China many Mongolian translations of Chinese novels of enchantment and romance, including the San-kuo yen-i (Romance of the Three Kingdoms) and others. A great Mongol novelist and poet of the mid-19th century was Injannashi, his most famous work being Kke-sudar (The Blue History), a fictionalized Mongolian history. In the early 20th century T. Zhamtsarano, a Russian-educated Buryat writer and intellectual, founded the short-lived Mongolian newspaper Shine toli (The New Mirror); he also translated the works of such Western authors as Edgar Allan Poe, Jules Verne, and H.G. Wells. The outstanding modern Mongolian writers were D. Natsagdorj, B. Rinchin, and Ts. Damdinsuren (Damdinsrng).