MONOGRAM

originally a cipher consisting of a single letter, later a design or mark consisting of two or more letters intertwined. The letters thus interlaced may be either all the letters of a name or the initial letters of the given names and surname of a person for use upon note paper, seals, or elsewhere. Many of the early Greek and Roman coins bear the monograms of rulers or towns. The most famous of all monograms, known as the sacred monogram, is formed by the conjunction of the first two Greek letters of CRISTOS, meaning Christ, and most usually , sometimes with the a (alpha) and w (omega) of the Apocalypse on each side of it. The interlaced I.H.S., also called the sacred monogram, is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase Iesus Hominum Salvator (Jesus, Saviour of Mankind). This monogram apparently possesses no great antiquity and is said to have been the creation of St. Bernard of Siena in the mid-15th century. The Middle Ages were extremely prolific in the invention of ciphers for ecclesiastical, artistic, and commercial use. Monograms or ciphers often were used by the early printers as devices and are of importance in fixing the identity of early printed books. Similar devices have been used by painters, engravers, and ceramicists. Medieval merchants, in lieu of heraldic emblems, frequently employed merchants' marks, monograms consisting of the owner's initials and a private device. These nearly always contained a cross, either as a protection against storms or other catastrophes or as a Christian mark to distinguish their goods. Related devices are the colophons used for identification by publishers and printers, the hallmarks of goldsmiths and silversmiths, and the logos adapted by corporations, all usually in a traditional abstract or typographic design.