MUSICAL CRITICISM

branch of philosophical aesthetics concerned with making judgments about composition or performance or both. Unfortunately, it is difficult to show that a value judgment can stand for anything that is even remotely true about music, as opposed to standing for something that is merely a personal whim on the part of the critic, since there is no such thing as an organized body of knowledge called musical criticism. The entire history of musical criticism can be summed up as a struggle to forge itself into a suitable tool for coming to grips with the art of music. Additional reading The foundation for most of the subsequent developments in musical criticism was laid by Sir Henry Hadow in his influential essay, Music and Musical CriticismA Discourse on Method, Studies in Modern Music (1892). This essay cleared the ground for two major inquiries into musical criticism: M.D. Clavocoressi, The Principles and Methods of Musical Criticism (1923); and Ernest Newman, A Musical Critic's Holiday (1925). All these books consider the problem of criteria that now dominates the field of musical aesthetics. Further contributions to the problem have been made by Paul Hindemith in A Composer's World (1952); and by Arnold Schoenberg in Style and Idea (1950), containing a key essay, Criteria for the Evaluation of Music. A later book that challenges the philosophical premises on which criticism is based is Alan Walker, An Anatomy of Musical Criticism (1966), an attempt to relate aesthetics to psychology. Important supplementary reading exists in the related field of musical analysis. The more significant books include: Sir Donald Francis Tovey, Essays in Musical Analysis, 6 vol. (193539); Heinrich Schenker, Das Meisterwerk in der Musik, 3 vol. (192629); Deryck Cooke, The Language of Music (1959); and the analytical essay, Mozart's Chamber Music by Hans Keller, in The Mozart Companion, ed. by H.C.R. Landon and Donald Mitchell (1956). Paul Griffiths, Modern Music: The Avant Garde Since 1945 (1981), is both history and criticism.