NAVAL WARFARE

the tactics of military operations conducted on, under, or over the sea. Additional reading The most extensive work devoted exclusively to naval tactics is S.S. Robison and Mary L. Robison, A History of Naval Tactics from 1530 to 1930: The Evolution of Tactical Maxims (1942). Giuseppe Fioravanzo, A History of Naval Tactical Thought (1979; originally published in Italian, 1973), is an authoritative later analysis. Wayne P. Hughes, Jr., Fleet Tactics: Theory and Practice (1986), includes history but is more attentive to the art and science of tactics.William Ledyard Rodgers, Naval Warfare Under Oars, 4th to 16th Centuries (1939, reprinted 1967), interprets galley warfare. The history of tactics in the age of fighting sail as presented by Julian S. Corbett in his numerous works, from Drake and the Tudor Navy: With a History of the Rise of England as a Maritime Power, 2 vol. (1898, reissued 1988), to England in the Mediterranean: A Study of the Rise and Influence of British Power Within the Straits, 16031713 (1904, reprinted 1987), remains unsurpassed. A.T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 16601783 (1890), available in many later editions, is a classic naval history. Studies of tactics in the age of steam and steel include Bradley A. Fiske, The Navy as a Fighting Machine, 2nd ed. (1918, reprinted 1988); Romeo Bernotti, The Fundamentals of Naval Tactics (1912; originally published in Italian, 1910); and W. Bainbridge-Hoff, Elementary Naval Tactics (1894). Richard Hough, The Great War at Sea, 19141918 (1983), explores the tactics of naval operations in World War I. The transition from battleship to aircraft carrier is discussed in Bernard Brodie, A Layman's Guide to Naval Strategy (1942). Studies of naval tactics in World War II are found in comprehensive histories, such as Samuel E. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, 15 vol. (194762); S.W. Roskill, The War at Sea, 19391945, 3 vol. in 4 (195461); and Friedrich Ruge, Der Seekrieg: The German Navy's Story, 19391945 (1957; originally published in German, 1954; also published as Sea Warfare, 19391945: A German Viewpoint). Clark G. Reynolds, The Fast Carriers: The Forging of an Air Navy (1968, reprinted 1978), studies carrier operations. Wayne P. Hughes, Jr.