NEMIROVICH-DANCHENKO, VLADIMIR IVANOVICH

born Dec. 23 [Dec. 11, old style], 1858, Ozurgety, Russia died April 25, 1943, Moscow Russian playwright, novelist, producer, and cofounder of the famous Moscow Art Theatre. At the age of 13, Nemirovich-Danchenko was directing plays and experimenting with different stage effects. He received his formal education at Moscow State University, where his talents as a writer and critic began to appear. As a young dramatist, his plays, which were presented at the Maly Theatre (Moscow), were highly praised and respected, and he received at least two awards for playwriting. In 1891 he became an instructor of dramatic art at the Moscow Philharmonic Society. Olga Knipper, Vsevolod Meyerhold, and Yevgeny Vakhtangov were only a few of the actors and directors who came under his influence and who eventually went on to win recognition on the Russian stage. As a teacher, Nemirovich-Danchenko expounded his ideas on theatrical art, the most important of which, such as the need for longer, organized rehearsals and a less rigid acting style, were subsequently incorporated by Konstantin Stanislavsky into his Method system of acting. In 1897, realizing that the Russian stage was in need of drastic reform, Nemirovich-Danchenko called a meeting with Stanislavsky to outline the aims and policies of a new theatre, an actor's theatre, first named the Moscow Art and Popular Theatre. Although Stanislavsky was given absolute authority over staging the productions, the contributions of Nemirovich-Danchenko were considerable. Both as producer and as literary adviser, he was chiefly responsible for the reading and selection of new plays, and he instructed Stanislavsky on matters of interpretation and staging as well. Nemirovich-Danchenko encouraged both Anton Chekhov and Maksim Gorky to write for the theatre, and he is credited with the successful revival of Chekhov's Seagull after it had failed dismally at the Aleksandrinsky Theatre. Applying the dramatic reforms of the Moscow Art Theatre to light opera, Nemirovich-Danchenko founded the Moscow Art Musical Studio in the early 1920s and achieved outstanding success with his staging of La Prichole and Lysistrata in New York City (1925). His autobiography was translated as My Life in the Russian Theater (1936).