NICHIREN BUDDHISM

school of Japanese Buddhism named after its founder, the 13th-century militant prophet and saint Nichiren. It is one of the largest schools of Japanese Buddhism; in 1989 the total membership of its numerous subsects was reported to be approximately 35,541,430. Nichiren believed that the quintessence of the Buddha's teachings was contained in the Lotus Sutra (Sanskrit: Saddharmapundarika-sutra; The Scripture of the Lotus of the Good Law). According to him, the other sects then existing in Japan misunderstood the truth, and he vehemently denounced them and the government that supported them. He blamed the social unrest of the period on the erroneous religious beliefs of the nation and proclaimed that the salvation of the Japanese nation depended on devotion to the truth contained in the Lotus Sutra. He came to conceive of himself as the bodhisattva (buddha-to-be) Jogyo, who was destined to suffer for proclaiming the truth in an era of darkness, an identification apparently verified by the severe persecution he suffered. Nichiren taught that the historical Buddha Sakyamuni was identical with the original, eternal Buddha and that, inasmuch as all men partake of the Buddha-nature, all men are manifestations of the eternal. He devised three ways of expressing this concept, known as the sandai-hiho (three great secret laws [or mysteries]). The first, the honzon, is the chief object of worship in Nichiren temples and is a ritual drawing showing the name of the Lotus Sutra surrounded by the names of divinities mentioned in the sutra (words of the Buddha). The second great mystery is the daimoku, the title of the sutra; and Nichiren instituted the devotional practice of chanting the phrase namu Myoho renge kyo (salutation to the Lotus Sutra). The third mystery relates to the kaidan, or place of ordination, which is sacred and belongs to the Lotus of the Good Law. After Nichiren's death the school split into various subsects, most notably Nichiren-shu (Nichiren Sect) and Nichiren-sho-shu (True Nichiren Sect). The former, which still controls the main temple, the Kuon-ji, founded by Nichiren at Mount Minobu (Yamanashi prefecture), maintained a dominant position among Nichiren Buddhists until the years following World War II, when it was eclipsed by the Nichiren-sho-shu, whose phenomenal growth stemmed from its lay organization, the Soka-gakkai. Nichiren-sho-shu traces its line of succession back to one of Nichiren's six disciples, Nikko, who, according to documents held by the sect, was the prophet's chosen successor. The temple he established in 1290 at the foot of Mount Fuji, Daiseki-ji, is still the sect's headquarters. Nichiren-sho-shu differs from the other Nichiren sects in its elevation of the founder, Nichiren, to a rank higher even than that of the historical Buddha. Among its rival Nichiren sects, Nichiren-sho-shu had only minor influence until the emergence of the Soka-gakkai lay organization brought it into its present dominant position in Japanese politics. The sect has established branches outside Japan. In the United States the lay organization equivalent to the Soka-gakkai is called Nichiren-sho-shu of America.