NUTTING, MARY ADELAIDE

born Nov. 1, 1858, Frost Village, District of East Canada [now Quebec, Can.] died Oct. 3, 1948, White Plains, N.Y., U.S. American nurse and educator, remembered for her influential role in raising the quality of higher education in nursing, hospital administration, and related fields. Nutting grew up in Waterloo, Ontario. In 1889 she entered the first class of the new Johns Hopkins Hospital School of Nursing in Baltimore, Maryland. After graduating in 1891 she was a head nurse in the hospital for two years and then assistant superintendent of nurses for a year. In 1894 she became superintendent of nurses and principal of the school. At that time nursing schools, even that at Johns Hopkins, were more important as sources of cheap staffing for hospitalsat a rate of from 60 to 105 hours a week from each studentthan as centres of professional training. Nutting moved quickly to change the priorities in her school. In 1895 she presented to the trustees a detailed analysis of current student nurse employment and secured approval for a new three-year curriculum, the abolition of stipends, and the institution of scholarships to needy students. She helped found the American Journal of Nursing in 1900. The following year she established a six-month preparation course in hygiene, elementary practical nursing, anatomy, physiology, and materia medica for entering students to prepare them for ward work. She also began a professional nursing library at Johns Hopkins, from which developed her later four-volume History of Nursing (190712, with Lavinia L. Dock). She was an early member of the American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses of the United States and Canada (later the National League for Nursing Education; now the National League for Nursing) and twice served as president. In 1899 an experimental program in hospital economics was established at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York City. Nutting taught part-time in the program from 1899 to 1907 and then left Johns Hopkins to become a full-time professor of institutional management at Teachers College. In 1910 she became head of the new department of nursing and health. She was the first nurse to hold either such position, and she remained at Columbia until her retirement in 1925. By that time the programs she had created in hospital administration, nursing education, public health, and other fields had brought her department international recognition. In 1934 she was named honorary president of the Florence Nightingale International Foundation, and in 1944 the National League for Nursing Education created the Mary Adelaide Nutting Medal (modeled by Malvina Hoffman) in her honour and awarded the first one to her.