OZONOSPHERE

region in the upper atmosphere between about 10 and 50 km (6 and 30 miles) in altitude, in which there are appreciable concentrations of ozone and in which the temperature distribution is largely determined by the radiative properties of ozone. Ozone has the formula O3; it is always present in trace quantities in the Earth's atmosphere, but its largest concentrations are in the ozonosphere. There it is formed primarily as a result of shortwave solar ultraviolet radiation (wavelengths shorter than 242 nanometres), which dissociates normal molecular oxygen (O2) into two oxygen atoms. These oxygen atoms then combine with nondissociated molecular oxygen to yield ozone. Ozone, once it has been formed, can also be easily destroyed by solar ultraviolet radiation of wavelengths less than 300 nanometres. Because of the strong absorption of solar ultraviolet radiation by molecular oxygen and ozone, solar radiation capable of producing ozone cannot reach the lower levels of the atmosphere, and the photochemical production of ozone is not significant below about 20 km (12 miles). This absorption of solar energy is very important in producing a temperature maximum at about 50 km, called the stratopause, or the mesopeak. Also, the presence of the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere, with its accompanying absorption, effectively blocks almost all solar radiation of wavelengths less than 290 nanometres from reaching the Earth's surface, where it would injure or kill most living things. Certain air pollutants, particularly chlorofluorocarbons and halons (chlorofluorobromine compounds), can diffuse into the ozonosphere and destroy ozone. In the mid-1980s scientists discovered that a hole developed periodically in the ozonosphere above Antarctica; it was found that the ozone layer there was thinned by as much as 4050 percent from its normal concentrations. This severe regional ozone depletion was explained as a natural phenomenon, but one that was probably exacerbated by the effects of chlorofluorocarbons and halons. Concern over increasing global ozone depletion led to international restrictions on the use of chlorofluorocarbons and halons and to scheduled reductions in their manufacture. Even though the ozone layer is about 40 km (25 miles) thick, the total amount of ozone, compared with more abundant atmospheric gases, is quite small. If all of the ozone in a vertical column reaching up through the atmosphere were compressed to sea-level pressure, it would form a layer only a few millimetres thick.