PANORAMA

in the visual arts, continuous narrative scene or landscape painted to conform to a flat or curved background, which surrounds or is unrolled before the viewer. Panoramas are usually painted in a broad and direct manner, akin to scene, or theatrical, painting. Popular in the late 18th and the 19th centuries, the panorama was essentially the antecedent of the stereopticon and of motion pictures, especially animations and the process called Cinerama. The true panorama is exhibited on the walls of a large cylinder, the earliest version about 18 m (60 feet) in diameter and later ones as large as 40 m (130 feet) in diameter. The viewer, who stands on a platform in the cylinder centre, turns around and successively sees all points of the horizon. The effect of being surrounded by a landscape or event may be heightened by the use of indirect lighting to give the illusion that light is emanating from the painting itself. The first panorama was executed by the Scottish painter Robert Barker, who exhibited in Edinburgh in 1788 a view of that city, followed by panoramas of London and battle scenes from the Napoleonic Wars. Another early panorama painter, the American John Vanderlyn, painted in 181619 The Palace and Gardens of Versailles (preserved in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City), exhibiting it until 1829 in a rotunda that he built on a leased corner of City Hall Park in New York City. By the mid-19th century panoramas became a widespread, popular form of entertainment. Among the important works of this period was Henri Philippoteaux's Siege of Paris, depicting an event in the Franco-Prussian War. His son Paul painted the panorama The Battle of Gettysburg (1883), exhibiting it in several American cities before its permanent installation in Gettysburg, Pa. Also in the mid-19th century, the rolled panorama, a kind of portable mural, became a popular amusement and educational device. Accompanied by a lecture and often music, the painting, on canvas and wound between two poles, would slowly be unrolled behind a frame or revealed in sections. Sometimes theatrical realism was utilized in the form of real steam, smoke, and sound effects. Among the longest and most ambitious of these rolled panoramas was one 370 m (1,200 feet) long (deceptively advertised as 3 miles [nearly 5 km] in length), depicting the landscape along the entire course of the Mississippi River, by the American John Banvard. A higher form of panoramic art is the Chinese and Japanese traditional hand scroll painting on paper or silk.