PARKER, QUANAH

born 1845?, near Wichita Falls, Texas, U.S. died Feb. 23, 1911, near Fort Sill, Okla. aggressive Comanche leader who mounted an unsuccessful war against white invaders in southeast Texas (187475); he later became the main spokesman and peacetime leader of the Indians in that area, a role he performed for 30 years. Quanah was the son of Chief Peta Nocone and Cynthia Ann Parker, a white woman captured by the Comanches as a child. Quanah added his mother's surname to his own. He was a member of the fierce Kwahadi bandparticularly bitter enemies of the buffalo hunters who had appropriated their best land on the Texas frontier. In order to stem the onslaught of Comanche attacks on settlers and travelers, the U.S. government assigned the Indians to reservations in 1867. Parker and his band, however, refused to cooperate and continued their raids. In June 1874 Parker gathered some 700 warriors from among the Comanche, Cheyenne, and Kiowa and attacked about 30 white buffalo hunters quartered at Adobe Walls, Texas. The U.S. military retaliated in force, but Parker's group held out on the Staked Plains for almost a year before he finally surrendered at Fort Sill. Eventually agreeing to settle on the reservation in southwestern Oklahoma, Parker persuaded other Comanche bands to conform. During the next three decades he was the main interpreter of white civilization to his people, encouraging education and agriculture and becoming a successful businessman while maintaining his own Indian culture.