PARSHVANATHA

also called Parshva the 23rd Tirthankara (Ford-maker, i.e., saviour) of the present age, according to Jainism, a religion of India. Parshvanatha was the first Tirthankara for whom there is historical evidence, but this evidence is intricately interwoven with legend. He is said to have preceded by about 250 years Mahavira, the most recent Tirthankara, who, according to tradition, died in 527 BCE. One text claims that Mahavira's parents followed the teachings of Parshvanatha, but there is no evidence that Mahavira himself formally entered any religious order founded by that teacher. Parshvanatha established the fourfold restraint, the four vows taken by his followers (not to take life, steal, lie, or own property) that, with Mahavira's addition of the vow of celibacy, became the five great vows (mahavratas) of Jain ascetics. While Parshvanatha allowed monks to wear an upper and lower garment, Mahavira gave up on clothing altogether. According to tradition, the two sets of views were reconciled by a disciple of each of the Tirthankaras, with the followers of Parshvanatha accepting Mahavira's reforms. The legends surrounding Parshvanatha emphasize his association with serpents. His mother is said to have seen a black serpent crawling by her side before his birth, and in sculpture and painting he is always identified by a canopy of snake hoods over his head. According to accounts in the Jain scripture the Kalpa-sutra, Parshvanatha once saved a serpent that had been trapped in a log in an ascetic's fire. The snake, later reborn as Dharana, the lord of the underworld kingdom of nagas (snakes), sheltered Parshvanatha from a storm sent by a demon.