PESHAWAR

city, central North-West Frontier province, Pakistan. The city (capital of the province) lies just west of the Bara River, a tributary of the Kabul River, near the Khyber Pass. The Shahji-ki Dheri mounds, situated to the east, cover ruins of the largest Buddhist stupa in the subcontinent (2nd century AD), which attest the lengthy association of the town with Buddha and the religion founded about him. Once the capital of the ancient Buddhist kingdom of Gandhara, the city was known variously as Parasawara and Purusapura (town, or abode, of Purusa). Also called Begram, the present name, Peshawar (pesh awar, "frontier town"), is ascribed to Akbar, the Mughal emperor of India (1556-1605). A great historic centre of transit-caravan trade with Afghanistan and Central Asia, Peshawar is today connected by the Grand Trunk Road and rail with Lahore, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, and Karachi and by air with Rawalpindi, Chitral, and Kabul, Afg. Industries include textile and sugar mills, fruit canning, and the manufacture of chappals (sandals), shoes, leatherwork, glazed pottery, wax and embroidery work, copper utensils, lungis (loincloths), turbans, carpets, ornamental woodwork and furniture, ivory work, knives, and small arms. The ancient Qissah (Kissa) Khwani Bazar ("Street of Storytellers") is the meeting place for foreign merchants who deal in dried fruits, woolen products, rugs, carpets, pustins (sheepskin coats), karakul (lambskin) caps, and Chitrali cloaks. Peshawar's historic buildings include Bala Hissar, a fort built by the Sikhs on the ruins of the state residence of the Durranis, which was destroyed by them after the battle of Nowshera; Gor Khatri, once a Buddhist monastery and later a sacred Hindu temple, which stands on an eminence in the east and affords a panoramic view of the entire city; the pure white mosque of Mahabat Khan (1630), a remarkable monument of Mughal architecture; Victoria memorial hall; and Government House. There are many parks, and the Chowk Yadgar and the town hall are other places of social and public assembly. Coffeehouses also are popular. Gardens and suburbs are outside the old city wall. Constituted a municipality in 1867, the city has three hospitals, a museum (with a large collection of Gandharan Buddhist relics), an agricultural college, and the University of Peshawar (founded 1950), with several constituent and affiliated colleges. The surrounding region consists of highly irrigated plains, part of a huge basin drained and irrigated by the Kabul River, and a tract covered by low hills at Cherat in the southeast. The chief crops are wheat, corn (maize), sugarcane, barley, cotton, and fruit (apples, pears, peaches, pomegranates, and quinces). The inhabitants are mostly Pashtuns. References to the Peshawar area occur in early Sanskrit literature and the writings of the classical historians Strabo and Arrian and the geographer Ptolemy. The Vale of Peshawar was annexed by the Greco-Bactrian king Eucratides (2nd century BC), and Kaniska made Purusapura the capital of his Kushan (Kusana) empire (1st century AD). Buddhism was still dominant in the 5th century AD when Fa-hsien, the Chinese Buddhist monk and traveler, passed through the area. Captured by the Muslims in AD 988, it was by the 16th century in the possession of the Afghans, who were nominally dependent on the Mughals. Sikh authority was firmly established by 1834, and the area was under British control from 1849 to 1947. Pop. (1981) town, 566,248; metropolitan area, 1,084,347.