PHAULKON, CONSTANTINE

born 1647, Cephalonia, Ionian Islands, Greece died June 5, 1688, Ayutthaya [Thailand] Greek adventurer who became one of the most audacious and prominent figures in the history of 17th-century European relations with Southeast Asia. Phaulkon signed on an English merchant ship in Greece at 12 years of age and sailed to Thailand. He learned the Thai language quickly, and this ability-combined with his knowledge of Portuguese, Malay, French, and English-rendered him invaluable as an interpreter; in this capacity he served with the English East India Company in the years 1670-78. He cultivated a friendship with King Narai and offered his services to the Thai court. He rose quickly to become acting minister of finance and foreign affairs (phrakhlang), and by 1685, as virtual prime minister, he took the leading role in shaping Narai's foreign policy. In collaboration with French Roman Catholic missionaries (especially the Jesuit Gui Tachard), Phaulkon schemed to establish French power in Thailand. He encouraged diplomatic exchanges between Narai and King Louis XIV, and a treaty was drafted in December 1685, granting France numerous trading privileges and allowing troops to be stationed in the town of Singora (Songkhla). Louis XIV presented additional demands, however, and in 1687 sent an armed French expedition to Thailand to secure acceptance of his terms, which included French garrisons at the strategic sites of Bangkok and Mergui. Narai became suspicious of French designs; and, to placate him, Phaulkon engaged the French garrison troops as mercenaries in the service of Thailand. The final treaty was then ratified by Narai, who hoped that closer relations with France would help to balance the strong Dutch economic influence in Ayutthaya. In March 1688 King Narai became seriously ill. Phaulkon, isolated without the king's support, was overthrown and executed by an anti-French faction at the Thai court led by Narai's foster brother Phetracha (Bedraja). The French garrisons were expelled from the country. The effect of the Phaulkon affair was to reverse a policy of openness to foreigners encouraged by previous Thai kings. When Phetracha succeeded Narai, he took steps to discourage European settlers and to limit foreign influence in Thailand.