PHOCAEA

modern Foa ancient Ionian city on the northern promontory of the Gulf of Smyrna, Anatolia (now the Gulf of Izmir, Turkey); it was the mother city of several Greek colonies. The Phocaeans arrived in Anatolia perhaps as late as the 10th century BC and, lacking arable land, established colonies in the Dardanelles at Lampsacus, on the Black Sea at Amisus (Samsun), and in the Crimea. In the Mediterranean they colonized as far west as Massilia (Marseille) and Emporion (Ampurias in northeastern Spain). When Phocaea was besieged by the Persians about 545 BC, most of the citizens chose emigration rather than submission. In 190 BC, allied with the Seleucids against Rome and Pergamum, the Phocaeans so savagely repelled the Roman forces that the praetor Lucius Aemilius Regillus was obliged to withdraw his men and entreat the citizens not to take the war so seriously; his infuriated troops took advantage of the truce to sack the city. After participating in an uprising against Roman rule in 132 BC, Phocaea was sentenced to destruction but was reprieved through the intercession of its colony Massilia. Modern Foa is located in an olive- and tobacco-growing region; it is 45 miles (70 km) from the industrial metropolis of Izmir. Tourists are attracted to ruins of the ancient city and to a commercial resort village. Pop. (1990) 12,057.