PINDARIC ODE

ceremonious poem by or in the manner of Pindar, a Greek professional lyrist of the 5th century BC. Pindar employed the triadic structure of Stesichorus (7th and 6th centuries BC), consisting of a strophe (two or more lines repeated as a unit) followed by a metrically harmonious antistrophe, concluding with a summary line (called an epode) in a different metre. These three parts corresponded to the movement of the chorus to one side of the stage, then to the other, and their pause midstage to deliver the epode. Although fragments of Pindar's poems in all of the classical choral forms are extant, it is the collection of four books of epinicion odes that has influenced poets of the Western world since their publication by Aldus Manutius in 1513. Each of the books is devoted to one of the great series of Greek classical games: the Olympian, Pythian, Isthmian, and Nemean. Celebrating the victory of a winner with a performance of choral chant and dance, these epinicion odes are elaborately complex, rich in metaphor and intensely emotive language. They reveal Pindar's sense of vocation as a poet dedicated to preserving and interpreting great deeds and their divine values. The metaphors, myths, and gnomic sayings that ornament the odes are often difficult to grasp because of the rapid shifts of thought and the sacrifice of syntax to achieving uniform poetic colour. With the publication of Pierre de Ronsard's four books of French Odes (1550), the Pindaric ode was adapted to the vernacular languages. Imitation Pindaric odes were written in England by Thomas Gray in 1757, The Progress of Poesy and The Bard. Abraham Cowley's Pindarique Odes (1656) introduced a looser version known as Pindarics. These are irregular rhymed odes in which the length of line and stanza is capriciously varied to suggest, but not reproduce, the style and manner of Pindar. These spurious Pindarics are some of the greatest odes in the English language, including John Dryden's Alexander's Feast (1697), William Wordsworth's Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood, Percy Bysshe Shelley's Ode to the West Wind, Alfred Lord Tennyson's Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington, and John Keats's Ode on a Grecian Urn. See also ode.