POLARIS MISSILE

first U.S. submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) and the mainstay of the British nuclear deterrent force during the 1970s and '80s. After four years of research and development, the U.S. Navy in 1960 began to deploy nuclear-powered submarines armed with 16 Polaris missiles each. Each missile was 31 feet (9.4 m) long and 4.5 feet (1.4 m) in diameter and was powered by two solid-fueled stages. Three models were developed: the A-1, with a range of 1,400 miles (2,200 km) and a one-megaton nuclear warhead; the A-2, with a 1,700-mile (2,700-kilometre) range and a one-megaton warhead; and the A-3, capable of delivering three 200-kiloton warheads a distance of 2,800 miles (4,500 km). Between 1971 and 1978 the Polaris was replaced by the Poseidon missile in the U.S. SLBM force. The United Kingdom, after adopting the A-3 in 1969, refined it into the A-3TK, or Chevaline, system, which was fitted with such devices as decoy warheads and electronic jammers for penetrating Soviet ballistic-missile defenses around Moscow. In 1980 the United Kingdom announced plans to replace its Polaris force with the Trident SLBM in the 1990s.