POPLAR

any of several species of trees belonging to the genus Populus of the willow family (Salicaceae). The genus Populus contains at least 35 species of trees, along with a number of natural hybrids. The poplar species native to North America are divided into three main groups: the cottonwoods, the aspens, and the balsam poplars. Aspens usually have smooth gray to green bark and nonsticky buds, while cottonwoods and balsam poplars have sticky buds and bark that is darker and deeply furrowed. (See aspen; cottonwood.) Poplars are rapid-growing but relatively short-lived trees. They are widely distributed throughout the northern temperate regions, ranging from North America through Eurasia and northern Africa, with a few species extending even beyond the Arctic Circle. The leaves are alternate and ovate or heart-shaped in outline, with finely to coarsely toothed margins. The leaves tremble in the slightest breeze because of their laterally compressed petioles. Male and female flowers grow on separate trees and bloom in drooping catkins long before the leaves emerge. The fruits, which mature before the leaves are fully grown, are small, thick-walled capsules that contain many minute seeds clothed in cottony tufts of silky hairs, which assist in wind dispersal. The wood of poplars is relatively soft and hence is mostly used to make cardboard boxes, crates, paper, and veneer. Two well-known poplar species of Eurasia are the white and the black poplar. The white poplar (P. alba)-also known as silver poplar for its leaves, which have white felted undersides, and as maple leaf poplar for the leaves' lobed margins-is widely spreading in form, reaching 30 m (100 feet) in height. Bolle's poplar (P. alba, variety bolleana) is a columnar variety of the white poplar. The gray poplar (P. canescens) is a close relative of the white poplar that has deltoid leaves with woolly grayish undersides. The black poplar (P. nigra) has oval, fine-toothed leaves; it is long-trunked and grows to a height of 35 m (115 feet). Its better-known variety, the Lombardy poplar (P. nigra, variety italica), is easily identified by its tall, narrow columnar form. The Lombardy poplar is widely used in ornamental landscape plantings, particularly among the villas of Italy and elsewhere in southern Europe; the tree derives its common name from its abundant use along the rivers of Lombardy. The white, black, and Lombardy poplars are widely planted in the eastern United States and in Canada. The Balsam poplar, or tacamahac (P. tacamahaca or P. balsamifera), which is native throughout northern North America in swampy soil, is distinguished by its aromatic, resinous buds. The buds of the similar balm of Gilead poplar (P. candicans, or P. gileadensis) are used to make an ointment. Western balsam poplar, or black cottonwood (P. trichocarpa), 60 m (195 feet) tall, is one of the largest deciduous trees of northwestern North America.