PRESTON

town and borough (district), administrative and historic county of Lancashire, England, at the lowest bridging point of the River Ribble estuary before it flows into the Irish Sea. The borough encompasses a mostly rural area north of the town, while the town extends across the River Ribble into the neighbouring borough of South Ribble. The town grew near the site of a Roman fort at Walton-le-Dale, on a ridge overlooking the river. Its location on a major north-south route established it as a market centre in the Middle Ages, and the first of 14 charters was granted about 1179. This charter also granted a merchant guild, which has met regularly ever since. By the Tudor period (beginning in the late 15th century) Preston was a great interregional market centre lying at the focus of the road system. Domestic industry, especially woolen and linen weaving, grew with the town's increasing importance. During the English Civil Wars Preston, the Lancashire Royalist headquarters, was besieged and captured, and the fortifications were destroyed. Royalist forces were defeated by the Parliamentary forces of Oliver Cromwell at Preston in 1648. Further stimulus to growth came in 1777, when the first cotton-spinning mill was built in Moor Lane. By 1835 there were 40 factories, mainly spinning, producing 70,000 pounds (32,000 kg) of cotton yarn weekly. Improved port facilities after 1843 established a trade in Lancashire coal, cotton goods, and raw materials. Today Preston, with two large covered markets, is the chief mart for the produce of the Fylde agricultural district. The cattle market holds thrice-weekly sales throughout the year. Despite the decline of the cotton textile industry, the economy has remained strong through diversification. Preston's position on the main London-to-Scotland railway line and along the motorway between Birmingham and Scotland has attracted new industries. Increases in engineering and in vehicle and aircraft manufacture more than compensated for jobs lost through mill closures. The town has the largest rayon factory in England. Preston is the administrative centre of Lancashire, and the service sector of the economy is growing. The many parish churches include St. John's (1855), on the site of earlier buildings. The Harris Art Gallery, Library and Museum, established by the trustees of E.R. Harris in 1879, contain several personal book collections. A grammar school was founded in 1550. Area borough 55 square miles (142 square km). Pop. (1991) town, 177,660; (1998 est.) borough, 135,000.