PRETORIUS, MARTHINUS WESSEL

born Sept. 17, 1819, near Graaff-Reinet, Cape Colony died May 19, 1901, Potchefstroom, South African Republic Boer statesman, soldier, eldest son of the Great Trek leader Andries Pretorius, and the first president of the South African Republic. Having also served as president of the Orange Free State, he was the only man to have held both offices. Despite that success, however, his plans to unite the sister republics failed. Pretorius, a man of little formal education, joined his father in the Great Trek (1838) to Natal, where he fought the Zulus. When his father, whom he had accompanied north to the Transvaal, died in 1853, Marthinus succeeded him as commandant general of the districts of Potchefstroom and Rustenburg and continued his father's efforts toward uniting the trekker Boers. After participating in the founding of the South African Republic (an amalgamation of republics in the Transvaal), Pretorius was elected president in 1857; two years later he was also elected president of the Orange Free State. The independent spirit of the Boers combined with Pretorius' own high-handed methods not only prevented the amalgamation of the two states but also led to civil war and anarchy in the Transvaal. In April 1863 he resigned from the Free State presidency and concentrated on reconciling factions in the Transvaal, where he was elected president of a reorganized South African Republic in May 1864. As head of the South African Republic, Pretorius worked to improve its administration and, with less success, to solve its financial problems. In external affairs, he gained recognition for the republic abroad and sought to extend its boundaries toward Bechuanaland in the west, beyond the Limpopo River to the north, and toward the sea in the east. Objections by Portugal and Britain caused him to withdraw most of the claims, however. In 1869 he became president again by an overwhelming vote. His popularity waned, however, when he failed to uphold his nation's claim to the diamond fields in the lower Vaal, especially for allowing Natal's governor to arbitrate the dispute without consulting his own Volksraad (parliament). When the award went against the republic in 1871, Pretorius resigned and retired from public life. After British annexation of the Transvaal (1877), Pretorius rose once more to prominence as a leader of passive resistance. When the Boers finally rebelled (December 1880), he was appointed a member of the ruling triumvirate and became a signatory to the Pretoria Convention (August 1881), which restored independence. The triumvirate dissolved (May 1883) with the election of Paul Kruger as president. Pretorius then retired permanently.