RAJPUT

(from Sanskrit raja-putra: son of a king), any of about 12,000,000 landowners organized in patrilineal clans and located mainly in central and northern India, especially in former Rajputana (Land of the Rajputs). The Rajputs regard themselves as descendants or members of the Kshattriya (warrior ruling) class, but they actually vary greatly in status, from princely lineages, such as the Guhilot and Kachwaha, to simple cultivators. Most authorities agree that successful claims to Rajput status frequently were made by groups that attained secular power; probably central Asian invaders as well as patrician lines of indigenous tribal peoples were absorbed in this way. There are numbers of Muslim Rajputs in the northwest, and Rajputs generally have adopted the custom of purdah (seclusion of women). Their ethos includes an intense pride in ancestry and a mettlesome regard for personal honour. They seek hypergamous marriages (i.e., the bride marrying into a social group higher than her own). The Rajputs' origins seem to date from a great breakup of Indian society in northern and northwestern India under the impact of the Hephthalites (White Huns) and associated tribes from the mid-5th century onward. Following the breakup of the Gupta Empire (late 6th century), invading groups were probably integrated within the existing society, with the present pattern of northwestern Indian society being the result. Tribal leaders and nobles were accepted as Kshattriyas, the second order of the Hindus, while their followers entered the fourth (Sudra, or cultivating) order to form the basis of tribal castes, such as the Jats, the Gujars, and the Ahirs. Some of the invaders' priests became Brahmans (the highest ranking caste). Some indigenous tribes also attained Rajput status, such as the Rathors of Rajasthan, the Chandelas and the Bundelas of central India. The Rajputs are divided between the Solar and Lunar races and those claiming to come from the great fire pit near Ajmer. Rajput habits of eating meat (except beef) and other traits suggest both foreign and Aboriginal origins. The Rajputs emerged into political importance in the 9th and 10th centuries. From c. 800 Rajput dynasties dominated northern India, and the many petty Rajput kingdoms there were among the main obstacles to the complete Muslim domination of Hindu India. After the Muslim conquest of the eastern Punjab and the Ganges Valley, the Rajputs maintained their independence in the fastnesses of Rajasthan and the forests of central India. Sultan 'Ala'-ud-Din Khalji of Delhi (reigned 12961316) took the two great Rajput forts of Chitor and Ranthambhor in east Rajasthan but could not hold them. The Rajput state of Mewar under Rana Sanga made a bid for supremacy but was defeated by the Mughal emperor Babur at Khanua (1527). Babur's grandson Akbar took the forts of Chitor and Ranthambhor (156869) and then made a settlement with all the Rajasthan princes except Mewar. Accepting Mughal overlordship, the princes were admitted to the court and the emperor's privy council and were given governorships and commands of armies. Although damaged by the emperor Aurangzeb's (reigned 16581707) intolerance, this arrangement continued until the Mughal Empire itself collapsed in the 18th century. The Rajputs then fell victims to the Maratha chiefs until they accepted British suzerainty (1818) at the end of the last Maratha war. After independence (1947) the Rajput states in Rajasthan were merged to form the state of Rajasthan within the Indian Union.