RAMAZZINI, BERNARDINO

born Nov. 3, 1633, Carpi, duchy of Modena died Nov. 5, 1714, Padua, Republic of Venice Italian physician, considered a founder of occupational medicine. A professor of medicine at the University of Modena (16821700), and an early student of epidemiology, he described outbreaks of lathyrism (1690; chick-pea poisoning) and malaria (169095) in Italy. A strong proponent of the use of cinchona bark in the treatment of malaria, Ramazzini recognized the introduction of this medicament (from which the alkaloid quinine is derived) as a revolutionary event in the history of medicine, completing the downfall of the classic Greek physician Galen's medical theories advocating administration of purgatives in the treatment of disease. Ramazzini wrote De Morbis Artificum Diatriba (1760; Diseases of Workers), the first comprehensive work on occupational diseases, outlining the health hazards of irritating chemicals, dust, metals, and other abrasive agents encountered by workers in 52 occupations. He served as professor of medicine at the University of Padua from 1700 until his death.