RIGA

Latvian Riga city and capital of Latvia, on both banks of the Western Dvina River, 9 miles (15 km) above its mouth on the Gulf of Riga. An ancient settlement of the Livs where the Ridzene River joins the Western Dvina, Riga was founded in 1201 by Bishop Albert I of Livonia, who had landed at the mouth of the Western Dvina two years earlier with 23 ships of crusaders. He made Riga the seat of his bishopric (raised to an archbishopric in 1253) and founded there the Brothers of the Sword (1201; attached as a branch unit to the Teutonic Knights in 1237). Riga joined the Hanseatic League in 1282 and became one of the most important centres of trade on the Baltic. Its episcopal privileges allowed the town to act with considerable independence; but on the dissolution of the Teutonic Knights in 1561, the surrounding territory passed to Poland, and Riga itself passed to Poland in 1581. In 1621 Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden captured Riga, but both Poles and Swedes granted Riga autonomy of government. In 170910 the Russians took Riga, and Sweden formally ceded the city by the Treaty of Nystad in 1721. Under Russian rule, its trade grew considerably. By 1914 Riga was the third largest city of Russia, but in 1918 it became capital of independent Latvia until its occupation by the Russians and incorporation into the Soviet Union in 1940. Together with other parts of Latvia, Riga suffered in 194041 from the Soviet deportations and executions of thousands of Latvian citizens. From 1941 to 1944 the city underwent German occupation and sustained heavy damage, especially in the old central city, destroying the medieval Church of St. Peter and the 14th-century headquarters of the Brothers of the Sword. Soviet deportations resumed after the war and again in 194849. Russian immigration filled the vacuum left by forced removal of Latvians and a low Latvian birth rate. In 1991 Latvia regained its independence. Many historical buildings survived, however, including the castle on the waterfront, the Doma Cathedral, dating from c. 1215, and several medieval merchants' houses and warehouses. The canal around the old town was the medieval moat, though the former fortifications have been replaced by boulevards. Modern Riga is a major administrative, cultural, and industrial centre and port, although icebreakers are necessary from December to April. The city's many engineering industries build ships and manufacture electrical and electronic equipment, machine tools, rolling stock, diesel engines, streetcars, and other items. The chemical, glass, and textile industries are important, and there are varied consumer-goods and food-processing industries. Riga's cultural institutions include an academy of sciences; a university (founded 1919), a Polytechnic Institute, and other institutions of higher education; a conservatory; the Latvian Open-Air Ethnographical Museum; and eight theatres. Along the Gulf of Riga is the resort suburb of Rigas Jurmala. Pop. (1983 est.) 867,000.