RITT, MARTIN

born March 2, 1914/20?, New York, N.Y., U.S. died Dec. 8, 1990, Santa Monica, Calif. American motion-picture director noted for his films on socially conscious themes. After studying at Elon College (North Carolina) and St. John's University in Brooklyn, N.Y., Ritt became interested in acting through his friend Elia Kazan and joined Lee Strasberg's Group Theater in 1937. He served in the U.S. Army Air Force during World War II and afterward returned to Broadway, where he began directing plays. A promising start in the new medium of television as both actor and director ended in 1951 when he was blacklisted for his former membership in the Communist Party, but he returned to directing plays on Broadway in 1955. He directed his first film, Edge of the City, in 1957 and directed in motion pictures thereafter, never returning to the theatre. His early films, including The Long Hot Summer (1958), were basically commercial vehicles, but he achieved a more personal vision with Hud (1963) and such films as The Spy Who Came In From the Cold (1965), Hombre (1967), The Molly Maguires (1970), The Great White Hope (1970), Sounder (1972), and Norma Rae (1979). The main characters in Ritt's films tend to be loners or underdogs whose ethical scruples place them at odds with the dubious values of society. Ritt retold the story of his own blacklisting in the comedy The Front (1976).