ROSELLE

( (Hibiscus sabdariffa), ) also called Rosella, Jamaican Sorrel, or Java Jute, plant of the mallow family (Malvaceae), and its fibre, one of the bast fibre (q.v.) group. Roselle is probably native to West Africa and includes H. sabdariffa variety altissima, grown for fibre, and H. sabdariffa variety sabdariffa, cultivated for the edible external portion of its flower (calyx). The plant, known in the West Indies early in the 16th century, was growing in Asia by the 17th century. Extensive cultivation in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) began in the 1920s under a government-subsidized program established to obtain fibre for sugar-sack manufacture. Although a perennial, roselle is usually grown as an annual and propagated from seed. It grows best in loamy, well-drained soil, mainly in tropical climates, and requires rainfall averaging about 10 inches (25 centimetres) each month throughout the growing season. Stalks and leaves range from dark green to reddish colour; flowers are creamy white or pale yellow. For fibre crops, seeds are sown close together, producing plants 10 to 16 feet (3 to 5 metres) high, with little branching. The stalks, cut when buds appear, are subjected to a retting process, then stripped of bark or beaten, freeing the fibre. In some areas retting time is reduced by treating only the bark and its adhering fibre. Plants for fruit crops, more widely spaced, are shorter and many-branched, and their calyxes are picked when plump and fleshy. The fibre strands, 3 to 5 feet (1 to 1.5 metres) long, are composed of individual fibre cells. Roselle fibre is lustrous, with colour ranging from creamy to silvery white, and is moderately strong. It is used, often combined with jute, for bagging fabrics and twines. India, Java, and the Philippines are major producers. In many tropical areas, the red, somewhat acid calyxes of H. sabdariffa variety altissima are used locally for beverages, sauces, jellies, preserves, and chutneys; the leaves and stalks are consumed as salads or cooked vegetables and used to season curries; and in Africa the oil-containing seeds are eaten.