RUBIACEAE

the madder family of the Rubiales order of flowering plants, consisting of about 500 genera with more than 6,500 species of herbs, shrubs, and trees, distributed primarily in tropical areas of the world. Members of the family have leaves opposite each other with stipules or in whorls, unbroken leaf margins, and leaflike appendages at the base of the leafstalks. The leaves usually are large and evergreen in tropical species, deciduous in temperate species, and needlelike or scalelike in desert species. The plants may bear a single flower or many small flowers clustered together. Economically important products of the family Rubiaceae include quinine, which is derived from the bark of Cinchona species; coffee, from the seeds of Coffea species; ipecac, obtained from the roots of Cephalis species; and gambier, a substance that is used in tanning, from Uncaria gambir. Some trees in the family provide useful timber. Species that are cultivated as ornamentals include those of Gardenia, Ixora, Nertera, Crucianella, Bouvardia, Houstonia (bluets), and Cephalanthus (buttonbush). Common madder (Rubia tinctorum) was formerly cultivated for the red dye obtained from its roots (alizarin); the roots of crosswort (Crucianella) also contain a red dye once used in medicines. Bedstraw (Galium). Plants in the genus Myrmecodia have swollen stems with hollow areas that are inhabited by ants. Ants also inhabit the hollow stem segments in the genera Nauclea, Duroia, and Hydnophytum. Two familiar genera of low herbaceous plants native to temperate areas are Galium (bedstraw, or cleavers; see photograph), with small flowers and square stems, and Mitchella (partridgeberry), with twin four-petaled flowers borne at the end of each stem.