RUST

disease of thousands of economically important plants, as well as weeds, caused by more than 4,000 species of fungi. During their life cycle rust fungi parasitize either one species of plant (autoecious, or monoecious, rust) or two distinct species (heteroecious rust). One heteroecious rust with five spore forms during its life cycle is black stem rust (Puccinia graminis) of wheat and other cereals and grasses. Other heteroecious rusts include those that use junipers (red cedar) as one host and apple, Japanese quince, hawthorn, rose, and related plants as the other; white pine rust (Cronartium ribicola), with five-needled pines as one host and currant and gooseberry (Ribes) species as the other; and a rust with Douglas fir as one host and poplars as the other. Autoecious rusts include those that attack asparagus, bean, chrysanthemum, coffee, hollyhock, snapdragon, and sugarcane. Rust usually appears as yellow, orange, red, rust, brown, or black powdery pustules on leaves, young shoots, and fruits. Plant growth and productivity are commonly reduced; some plants wither and die back. Control involves growing resistant varieties and rust-free plants; destroying one of the alternate host plants within several hundred yards of the other; observing stringent sanitation measures; and spraying or dusting at 7- to 10-day intervals, starting two weeks before rust normally appears, using appropriate fungicides. White rust, caused by several fungi in the genus Albugo, differs from the true rusts in not requiring an alternate host. It attacks many herbaceous plants. Light yellow areas develop on leaves, with chalky-white, waxy, and then powdery pustules that finally darken on the underleaf surface and other aboveground parts. Leaves may wither and die early, stems and flower parts may be greatly swollen and distorted, and growth is stunted. Control methods are similar to those employed for other rusts.